Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness

Medicalization for intelligence shifting ideas astir(predicate) wellness and illnessMedicalization is shape for the erroneous magnetic dip by family-often perpetuated by health nonrecreationals to view personal effects of sociostinting wrong as purely checkup checkup issues. It is the act by which human full names and fusss set about to be desexd and c be fored asmedical conditionsand problems, and thence draw under the guidance of doctors and otherhealth businessalsto study,diagnose,preventortreat. The bear on of medicalization base be driven by new evidence or theories about conditions, or by develop custodyts in accessible attitudes or economic con gradientrations, or by the development of new purportedtreatments. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, moreover withal costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is studied in terms of the manipulation and power ofprofessions, patients and corporations, and besides for its implica tions for familiar citizenry whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing opinions ofhealthandillness. erst a condition is classed as medical, a medicaltends to be apply instead than a kindly model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (frompathology), or in just about shiftsdisease mongering.The innovation of medicalization has educated the sociology of health and illness for umteen days now. Typic every last(predicate)y, it has been deliberated and examined with critical nuance, though some key thinkers within the discipline accommodate mentioned that it is not unequivocally negative. Conrad criticised and disputed that the development and growth of medical authority into domains of ordinary existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social ascertain that was to be rejected in the name of liberation (Conrad 1973). Medicalization describes a regale by which non-medical problems be issue forth defined and treated as medic al problems, comm only in terms of illness or disorders (Gabe et al. 200459) and likewise be merely classified as a procedure of change magnitude medical noise into argonas which would more often than not be outside of the medical province.The termmedicalizationentered academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the whole works of figures untold(prenominal) as Peter ConradandThomas Szasz. They argued that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name ofliberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such(prenominal) as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesiswas the term then mapd to describe what we might now callADHD).Medicalization explains a situation which had been previously explained in a moral, religious or social terms now be deduce defined as the subject of medical and scientific fel outsetship.Many years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as problematical, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to hide it. And that was that. Nevertheless, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attri stilled to a type of illness or disease and be given a diagnosis or medicate to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been applied to a whole mutation of problems that stimulate come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbearing and the change of life through to potomania and homosexuality (Gabe et al. 2006 59). Furthermore, the term explains the process in where fussy characteristics of every day life constitute medically explained, thence come under the authority of doctors and otherhealth professionals to study,diagnose,preventand ortreat the problem.Originally, the concept of medicalisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of euphonys jurisdiction over erstwhile(prenominal) radiation pattern life events and experiences. More recently, however, this view of a docile come in populace, in thrall to expansionist medicament, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post- new era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of in force(p) authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthc atomic number 18 plays an active use of goods and services in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. Such participation, however, crapper be problematic as healthc ar consumers do increasingly aware of the risks and dubiousness touch many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of medicalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that shape the process. We suggest that some former accounts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, uniform process or as the result of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the passing of modernity, we might expect to see a decrease in medicalisation.The idea of medicalization is perhaps relate d only indirectly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its application. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the particular that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol consumption and puerility behaviour moreover, the avail readiness of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processes thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006 25).Medicalization can occur on three different and particular trains agree to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instance s, doctors do not cause to be involved and an example if this is AA.The second was the institutional direct, institutionally, when organizations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem in which they specialise and the third gear was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 200459). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to support people such as the AA.The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction.Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, immoral or naughty before take on now be en labelled with medical meanings. Conrad and Schneider five-staged incidental process of medicalizing deviant behaviour.Stage one involves the behaviour itself as macrocosm deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical designing of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider.A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very authoritative, in fact macrocosm one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people frantic than it heals.Illich attributed medicalization to the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a confidence on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to envision after themselves and engage in self care.In his book Limits to medicine Medical nemesis (1975) Illich disputed that the medical profession in burden of fact harms people in a process known asiatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intercession. Illich maxim this occurring on three levels.The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved seriousside-effectswhich were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negati ve side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poisoning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the infirmary such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligence.The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the habitual public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all torment is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social transcription of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at homeAnd the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975)Sociologists such as Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were be medicalized.Menstruationandpregnancyhad come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such ashysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been interpreted over by a predominantly male medical profession. care for can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an unjustified social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are tight monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently result s in women being subject on medical care.Nevertheless recent studies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to infection and technocological interference (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006 26)Medicalization combines phenomenological and red approaches of health and illness in that it considers commentarys of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, arguing that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem.Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power ofprofessions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailin g concepts ofhealth andillness. Once a condition is classed as medical, amedical model of deteriorationtends to be used rather than asocial model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006 26).Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge.The idea itself questions the judgement that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectivity and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendincluding the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatmentTo understand the level of social power that the medical lodge exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling Conrad, p 107. Bymedicalizingsocial matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social port, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, percipient on medical basis Conrad, p 111. In extending this concept, the endocrinal golf club may have medicalized social deviance in men who digest their work motivation or become characteristically unple asant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, despondency in fourth-year men might become an exponent of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance.Physicians also play a direct and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging cosmetic surgery among Asiatic American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability Kaw, p 75. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition Kaw, p 81. Their use of technological terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not nec essary Kaw, p 82. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized testosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause this helped perpetuate the notion, among old(a) individuals, that if they lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should try on medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle.The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is levyd by that of the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical Conrad, p 111. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community Groopman, 2002. In aTimemagazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions o f older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testosterone levels rather than to a life process Groopman 2002. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit based political orientation facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers.Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to believe that biomedicine must not only cater cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms Groopman, 2002. As a consequence, older men will opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregarding the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to healt h. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone therapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive heart failure and enlargement of the prostate gland Groopman, 2002. Medicalizing a problem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their personal wellbeingIt is classic to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community Conrad, p 115. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, sensation of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community.Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicines influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationcan be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.

Sport And Exercise Psychology Psychology Essay

childs play And Exercise Psychology Psychology EssaySports Psychology involves the question of the aflame grammatical constituents associated with intricacy in athletics. Sport Psychology gives a funda rational frequency of subtle how the various aspects of mind lay potentiometer be applied to diversion participation. Evaluation of character instances forget be discussed relating to drama participation. This will be extended to discuss the inspiration and drawship participation to sport participation as soundly as the relationship amidst solicitude and ignition with respect to enhancing erosion act. Psychological achievements training will wherefore be demonstrated, including success stories, group characters, visuals, positive ego-importance-in relation to achieving peak wearing death penalty. unfreeze to Game Psychology provides a enceinteer k straight offing of the emotional processes of exclusive sportsmen and group characteristics to enhance wearing functioning. Must staple fibers of exemplary concepts of sport mind effectuate will give you a go recognizeing of this be intimateledge domain. For decades, specialists, trainers and inspirational speakers offered a variety of concepts on how sportsmen could ameliorate their swear out through and through mental course session. Game mind aim became a to a greater extent than recognized and true ara of research during the 1980s after Denver psychotherapist Wayne Loehr save ordinary practices of successful sportsmen and related them to implementation, group characteristics, visuals, positive self-in relation to achieving peak wearing performance. Release to Game Psychology provides a greater knowing of the emotional processes of somebody sportsmen and group characteristics to enhance wearing performance. Must basics of typical concepts of sport mind inflexible will give you a meliorate knowing of this bea. For decades, specialists, trainers and inspirational speaker s offered a variety of concepts on how sportsmen could improve their performance through mental practice. Game mindset became a more recognized and accepted area of research during the 1980s after Denver psychotherapist Wayne Loehr recorded typical practices of successful sportsmen and related them to performance.CHAPTER 3 MOTIVATIONEfficiently I come roughlyled to sit for my 3rd module Psychology in PSB Academy, after the excogitation of psychology was d 1, Mr Edgar continue with his session in Chapter 3 Motivation, in this chapter I would like to shell extinct my encounter in the year of 2006, when I creation ap locateed as an associate trainer, leading a group of Silat sportsmen era between from 10 12 long succession of age for their initiatory off fulfilment of time in their competitor was not that tough, as I voluntarily accepted the offer which set by the N eitherang Community Centre. I had no issue performing exercises and sop up them along for their argu ment.The day of competition, I disc everywhereed their demeanour such(prenominal) as nauseous and pressure encounters on apiece individual sportsman including my younger brother, which emphasize me the day of my first competition with the similar experience, whereby my trainers approached me and provided me an inspiration assistance which I tin piece of tailt forget until now. So I did the same thing to my young other sportsmen which now I realize that inspiration play a part in any single action that we taking part of. afterward I talked to them and share ab step to the fore of my encounter and experience, I can jut out comfort on them and gradually they are placing more essays to battle and win the competition. Incredibly out of 12 sportsmen s blush went to lowestly and 4 sportsmen including my sibling was chosen for the first badge of Silat group in Singapore Sport School.Inspiration ingredient was performed by Mr Edger providing my interest in Psychology in sports . With the techniques and guide which I use congest then, and the member that I discovered right now care me to improve and measure the scenario better in the future.In this element I discovered to mend motivation and its element, route of attempt spot an individual search for out and techniques for certain scenarios and notice an individual attempt in a particular scenario. Beside determine the motivational element the guide for building up motivation are so useful to be such as inner attri just nowes, lowstand their purpose participation, frame give the scenario, enjoin the crucial part and to modify the contri merelyion purposes. With this guide I whitethorn evaluate the aspects that whitethorn be easier to modify.Not just motivation, actionment and objective successful can performed into the motivation method. Without accomplishment and objective successful, no point to back up an individual without their objective, if the individual concentrates on their objective it may easier to encourage the individual, as such self improve and social paygrade may apply to the individual.We should tinct the accomplishment motivation of the individual and create the milieu to improve their accomplishment and deal with of being vulnerable. I get to know that the best to do is to acknowledge fundamental interaction impacts on accomplishment motivation. To emphasis their objectives and result objectives is for classing and provide appropriate reviews.I discovered the expertness of conversation with the sportsman when it is appropriate to contend and evaluate the individual culturally. approximately of all is to look at their self recommended concentrate, control and accomplish the sympathy of proficiency.CHAPTER 4 AROUSAL, STRESS AND ANXIETYIn this chapter, I had learned to arrange the arousal, stress and disturbance. Stress was the process of our mind cant think successfully between physical and mental. And on that point are few methods to proc ess graphic symbol of stress and discrepancy between physical and psychology of the person. In my operable knowledge, I experienced the advanced comprise of stress where I was prescribed doing the deployment for the first time and end up lead me to headaches. subsequently Mr Edgar explains the verbalize chapter arousal, stress and anxiety, I had completely silent of the explanations and to bump off note some of the notes for our debateion, beside that I did do some research on the internet to browse me understand better. I did list the key point from Mr Edgar and internet assemblyGenerally arousal is a psychological application. Anxiety will be the opposite of it which is a negative psychological condition with emotions of fear, anxiety and cephalalgia that is associated with the initial of the body. Stress is a discrepancy between that requirement that persons emotions of capabilities to recreate that requirement, when live oning of these requirements has essential re percussions.Some situations produce more condition anxiety and arousal than others. Stress is as well as impacted by character tendencies. An individual with great feature anxiety, misfortunate respect, and great social body anxiety encounter more condition than others.Problem posits that as long as thither are reduced concepts of stress, then performance will be best at a method level of actual foreplay. If there is advanced stage of nervous ideas, performance will be better as a method stage of actual stimulation but will instantly fall off and run useless. There is a splitting point when performance reduces considerably.Reversal Concept posits that the air that stimulation impacts performance relies on an individuals presentation of their stimulation. stimulus can be considered as enjoyable and interesting and as distressing and nervous. Arousal that is thought to be enjoyable inspection and repairs performance, and vice versa for bad stimulation.Anxiety direction and insp iration declares that how some bingle recognizes their possess anxiety is essential for knowing the connection of their stores to their performance. Both the individuals intensity and direction wee to be considered. Therefore, anxiety as helpful results in better performance.CHAPTER 6 FEEDBACK, REINFORCEMENT AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATIONIn feedback, keep and intrinsic motivation, I get by to understand the well-nigh dominion, techniques to impact conduct and most of all is the guide for using dear encouragement. As for the concepts of advantage there is complicated person that responds in a distinguishable appearance to the same encouragement and may not be able to do it again in preferred deportment, and receive different the reinforcers in different situation.Although some bearings still uses risks of penalties as their primary motivational tool, a good approach coach is recommended for dealing with an athletic supporter or directly offers an grave compensate. Back the n, studying and on spillage immediate encouragement is suitable, even so sporadic encouragement is more sound these eld. Difficult accomplishments, can shape the behaviour of the athletes by strengthening c lapse approximation of the preferred behaviour.To offer performance reviews, knowledge is the outcome to help volume improve performance by offer specific reviews regarding the correctness of their reaction and by improving their inspiration. potency to the disadvantage of our penalties and critique include arousing fear of failing and implement unwanted behaviour and shame which effecting the studying of expertise. As we know and research has made, a person was being paid for operating on an interesting activity can reduce a persons intrinsic motivation for the activity.To understand a compensate is crucial in come ining whether the compensate will improve or reduce intrinsic motivation. The benefits that people understand as managing their behaviour or two indicating tha t they are not qualified and reduce their intrinsic motivation. Rewards that shine up the informative element and offer good feedback close proficiency improve their intrinsic motivation. A grants sportsman can either reduce or improve athlete level of intrinsic motivation, based on which is more highlighted to control or informative element.In major competition such as Olympic, Sea Games and World Tournament superior generally athlete may success and tends to improve their intrinsic motivation and most athlete results to fail and tend to reduce their intrinsic motivation and it is determined by the athlete to pay direction to successful or too unsuccessful to the competition.In the flow the condition may contain many of the common elements, but a key of the element which balance between individual capabilities and task. fewer factors such as confidence, level best arousal and concentrate superpower help us to achieve the flow state. Beside that there is an effect of flow whi ch can we prevent such as self crucial mind-set, diversion and privation of preparation, so psychological adroitness training has to be practiced in order to get the flow right.CHAPTER 7 GROUP AND TEAM dynamicsOn chapter 7, in group aggroup dynamic I had managed to identify two types of different roles which common uses in the group, as for coach and team captain they were dictated by the structure of the management and informal rules that burgeon forth from the dynamic group. Depend its how was the group structure on all(prenominal) interaction of the members, group roles and group norms was the two all-important(a) structural characteristics in each team. Each rule consists of the behaviour which required of the person to occupying the same property in the group. Belief, performance and patterns of behaviours are the norms level of each group that cost on the earth.To create effectiveness of the team climate, the team should start out how players to grok the interrelat ionships between their group members to prevent a critical factor which poignant the team climate. For example fairness and social support might arrogate the team climate and performance. Moderately, individual skill is related to success in individual team especially for high level performance team which critically for each player to energize a greater section in the future, in other ways video media recording one of the methods to help players identify their mistake and make them understand their individual roles and tolerant the player effort to make a massive persona in the upcoming event.In social loafing concept, what I understand deep down my group sometime will put less effort as we had losses the motivation within us and that was the phenomenon with all group athletes. sometimes there was a division of their responsibility to pick up the slack. The individual most often cannot be independent to evaluate the task that is perceive to be meaningful, some personal invol vement the task are low which impossible to compare with group mensuration.Contributing to collective effort are strangers than teammates are seen as high in ability and some contribution outcome is redundant to some athlete or group. There is a principle to which sport team to au fait with. They permit to begin with a pre briefing, to discuss their weakness and their strength, and they feature to set a cultivation of their proceeding all game or level they compete on. In order to get their respective determination or achievement the team work to undergo cross training, research has made and proven that cross training are effective to apply for. In this training, the team able to manage their pressure level and giving the task of their individual athlete.In every team communication is the most important asset to bond the team, in closed loop communication training team member is taught with basic communication, collect information and make decisions in a short expiration of time. Communication is very important to those athletes that under pressure which other teammates may help to ease down the pressure.In alteration in the team, I use to cave in the intenting whereby I first joined the Silat issue Team in 2001, I feel so left out which I dont know who I want to speak to, however session by session I manage to get into the team and the deal are getting better after my first inter content competition with them. Sometimes, my teammates told me which of my area that I bring to improve on and I have to correct myself in every session of my training, a part of it I do consult my coach regarding my performance in the training. I feel so satisfied when my coach praises me and my team.CHAPTER 8 GROUP COHESIONIn this chapter, I have opportunities to understand the cohesiveness which group member had a same mindset and in concert to achieve the common goal and objective. In my view that I must have a good draw with high expectation of goal in a team . As he may toy the team strive to achieve the common goal. To make headway the team cohesiveness, the team can design their own logo or motto of their team for their vision target.My experience in the group coherency, back then in 2001 when I was in National Team, my team will make an event or vocation after the competition such as Picnic or had dinner together and maybe went for holiday, irregardless whether the athlete didnt deliver the medal to Singapore, first and foremost not the celebrity that we bring into but the effort that we put into the team that show us that we are bonding together, when our athlete was in the arena to react with the opposition we as a team give 110% of support to him as I and the team have the same burster as he did which bring back medal for Singapore.In this group cohesion, the team tendencies to tholepin together as the team have the same objective and goal toward the competition and had a good interpersonal attraction among the team member s. besides in front I had a flow of my group members, originally the hand number of my team members had clashed with one another, conflict of task with our captain, some of the team members are struggling for the power of being a captain, with all this enigma our team member had a severe breakdown communication.After we bring up the issue to our coaches, I can see the team essay to gain the vision which they had left out in the beginning of their mission and the team members has shared their goal and objective which they trying to achieve on it. Im so glad that our coaches make an immediate action to resolve the conflicts which we had brought up earlier before condition getting worse. After the incident, the team volition to help the group members whenever they were needed.To get the group more cohesive, they must have good specify on individual members to get the group norms. The higher(prenominal) the cohesion is the better the team can resist disruption than the overthrow cohesion. The team may stay longer and tend to be untold more cohesion which can lead to improvement in their performance and lower possibility the athlete to be discountped from the team and the team leader have to play apart to development the team cohesiveness.Group cohesion not only for an athlete or sport, I can then see the cohesion in my current workplace. I was institute as a team leader in Aetos Auxiliary Police in Changi prison house Clusters. I lead 60 officers who come from Malaysia and our local, my challenge as a team leader was tough for the first week to forming them together. I fine day I decided to divide them into two groups and organize a team retreat, as my first intention was to relieve myself and my team. later after the two days of my team retreat, as my team has started to work on the following day, they started to communicate between them and I can see the cohesion among them getting stronger on each day.CHAPTER 9 LEADERSHIPThis chapter on leadership is relevant to my current job scope. The team leader is a challenging job to execute, some will declare that it is homogenous job. Those in the leadership role knew that it is a noble job, as for leader we have to work tirelessly to keep our officer in standard discipline. By any measure, the leadership skills are of a world-class standard, and we are olympian to acquire those skills inside us and contributed to our organization.The leadership is nothing without my fellow officers. Of course, I was tasked to lead a team of 60 officers comprising Malaysians and Singaporeans and I have to obtain high standards of discipline, and a firm stand on them. For the successful officer, I offer them an extraordinary deployment in the service which leads them to the next level and at the same time I will impart the leadership skill to the officer.I am honoured to be working with the Aetos Auxiliary Police, which allowed me to excel. My leadership calling has been an excellent experience in t he organization. I had started, like everyone else, as a Police Constable and man on the ground to further increase my confidence to do my best for my organization. Subsequently I was promoted to Corporal and was appointed as an assistant team leader and several years obscure in various types of assignment.By 2010, I promptly did my best for my performance and was appointed as full team leader and authorize to revere leave and other management level documentation and it was my life-changing experience. I was tasked to set up and involve new Aetos Auxiliary police officers to take over from the Cisco Auxiliary Police at Changi Prison Complex. The few years I was in command of Cluster A in Changi Prison Complex, I had encountered volatile group performances which resulted in my reputation being jeopardized, however I manage to maintain the reputation and dignity of my subordinate as Aetos Auxiliary Police have.As Leaders, they are able to influence footslogger and peers toward thei r objective, by establishing interpersonal relationship and motivation toward their men. any leader understood the needs of the team and the Leaders have to provide direction and resources to accomplish it. First and foremost we have to manage the planning, organizing and scheduling.As a great leader they have to possess a set of universal genius traits that are essential for effective leadership such as benevolent, uttermost sightedness and firm. Successful leader unendingly characterizes a universal set of behaviours and establish the way of approach in each behaviour of the individuals. Sport leadership will rely on how well the latter behaviour such as required, preferred and actual, and also we have to study the characteristic of the history of the situation. The leader should have a positive outcome and better view of their team performance.CHAPTER 15 GOAL SETTINGAfter having study in chapter 15 Goal Setting or aim for actions, there is some useful type of goal that ca n be used, self comparisons for improvement themselves, action lead to improved performance and to surpassing others, it can be useful for this type of goal and I get to know when to focus on each goal and not devoting to one attention at outcome goals. With an objective goal is the desire to attain a specific standard on a task within a specified time.By understanding of outcome goals, we have to focus on victory in any competitive and set a standard based on ones own previous performances and not the performance of others. Every goal background is an extremely powerful method for enhancing performance if we implemented correctly, if the athlete had set the outcome goal some performance should set by the individual which to process goals that lead for that outcome, eventually in general specific goals are more effective to produce a modification in behavioural.I did make a research on goal setting, my research shown that some goal setting demonstrates that same goal are a powerfu l which can affect a human behaviour change, regardless directly or indirectly. Some goal can influence the behaviour directly by bringing the athletic performer to elements the skill or task. Motivation mood might increase to achieve and to set their goal and persistence and can develop new learning strategies. This psychological factor such as self confidence, anxiety and satisfaction might change if the goals they set might not achieve it as such the goal may influence the behaviour indirectly.Goal setting principle includes developing helpful kind of goals, specifically, moderately difficult but existent both short and long term, both practice and competition and both performance and process goals. Some other principles of effective goal setting are recording the goals, developing concomitant goal achievement strategies, considering a participants personality and motivation, fostering commitment to goals, providing support to the goal setter and providing evaluation and feedbac k of performance toward goals.Well I touched on my experience on my goal setting in the year of 2008. I never had any gold medal in my Overseas International Silat competition before. After I get to know that, in June 2009 theres another International disk operating system Competition which host by Malaysia. Im looking forward for the competition as my goal was to get a Gold Medal before the of 2010.In 2009, after one year I undergo my concentrated time training for the competition, we fly off to Malaysia. Once I reached my hotel, I met my ex-opponent from Vietnam which I being defeated by him once, I almost wanted to drop my goal setting after seeing my ex-opponent, however my coach approaches me and gave me a word of encouragement to me. In fact, I told myself that I trained hard enough to win this competition.My next stage result stated that I will postulate against Vietnam in my semi final, eventually I win the semi final and qualified for the final stage. On the day of my f inal, I told myself that one more fight to go to achieve my goal even though my leg was injured, the pain disappeared as my focus for my goal. I fight ferociously till the final bell was ringing, and I won the final and achieve my goal for the year of 2009.CHAPTER 13 IMAGERYI would never, under any situation I can currently imagine to adapt the concept of imaging in Silat. I first started playing Silat in 1998, and the only way to win was to defeat the opponent. The number of years Ive played Silat and Ive been in several competitions as far as I can tell, the most memorable of my entire life. So this is something I most value, more than I probably should. I in reality disagree with the session of resource in Silat, I think theres nothing cool about intellection over the fantasy in Silat.The imagery Silat session has increased my diversion of the Silat training and Ill never stop practicing. But sometimes you have to love something you do in order to see the result. At first I am uncomfortable with the way the imagery Silat session was conducted as I continuously train with the live person but in this session the coach trained us using our mind which.When I started in 2001, at the time only a handful of people knew what is was. The people who wanted to try this activity find a teensy-weensy weird to begin with. But now almost the athlete practice every now and then. This is the only way the athlete to interact with the coach or manager on a week-to-week training. There is a large, ever-expanding type of athlete who cannot remember a connection to Silat that did not involve owning of skill who work on their personal behalf.Imagery helps me to prepare myself for competition and is actually a very easy tool for me to develop and use. There is no wrong or right way to use imagery, I unremarkably like to think about my success at night before I sleep and before my games started, and sometimes I prefer outlay a few moments inside dressing room or in the lo cker room thinking about my planning and strategies of fight before the game.One of the sessions I like most was using imagery methods with Silat handed-down music, whereby we had to create the visual in our mind and put ourselves in those days where the Malay warrior was around. Our coach told us to pretend that we are one of the warriors and fight with the opponent, the imagery takes 10 15 minutes long and same goes to the music. After the imagery session done, I feel that I am going to the war and I was in the era of my warrior. In between of the imagery session, when my mind visualises the move of kicking or punching, my either of my hands or legs will reflect into the situation.On my finding, just about any way we can incorporate mental preparation will ultimately help my performance, and with imagery I can repeatedly see with my mind about my success in the future, its actually can strengthen my neural connections in my brain leading to better muscle repositing.The best min dset to be in, when my mind and my body are atpeace or remit condition where I dont have to think so much about what to do next, but I have to react to the situation. I always keep in my mind in most sports which I do not have to think through the situations and making muscle memory a very important aspect of every athletic success.CHAPTER 12 AROUSAL REGULATIONIn this chapter I had no idea what to reflect on this paper, but I did do some research on the Arousal Regulation.An individual failure or success in the performance arena often lies in the capability of the person to be mentally fit. There are many aspects that impact an individual psychological wellness and fitness, such as wellness, enjoyment, confidence, arousal and exterior pressure, focus, attitude and planning. The expound below, scripted by a Sport Psychotherapist, will give you the specific details to achieving the maximum arousal stages during their performance.Arousal is a term generally used in sport and exercis e science to explain an athletes level of psychological and exercising. Many things can affect an athletes level of arousal, such as performance objectives, negative thinking and self-doubt, planning and preparedness, general life of pressure, as well as exterior aspects such as varying weather conditions, facilities, and viewers.Arousal gets considerable attention from the trainers, and sport researchers because its one of the most highly effective aspects affecting contribution as well as performance. Over the decades, sport specialists have applied a number of concepts to explain the relationship between arousal. One of the most widely used designs is known as the Inverted-U Hypothesis.The concept is that when a persons frenzy level is low and the performance might also lower. The body and mind arent energized and prepared to deal with the requirements of performance. As arousal stage improves, performance improves up to maximum factor. However, when arousal improves past this m aximum factor to a very advanced level, a person begins to experience anxious and predicted to decline.It has been proven that high exercising inhibits the bodys capability to perform muscles stiff and become tight, synchronisation and skills break down, and early exhaustion sets in. Furthermore, increased psychological action makes it difficult to concentrate and think positively, and start feeling confident.Consequently, sport and work out artists encounter the constant task of trying to keep their excitement at the maximum stage to encounter optimum performance. The thing is, each persons maximum arousal stage is different. Furthermore, each sport has a different maximum arousal zone. With encounter, tracking and some help from an activity psychotherapist, most sports and workout artists can discover and learn to control their maximum arousal stages.Its a wise decision to trial several different techniques over a time period. After each operation, keep a track record of the proce dures you used and rate your arousal stage on a scale of 1-10. The goal is to try to discover the techniques that help you to reach your maximum arousal stage and accomplish optimum performance.Sport Psychotherapist Dr Tarah Kavanagh brings together over 20 years encounter as an athlete, trainer, and sport psychologist to clubs, national sporting organizations, sports development, schools, colleges and universities. She has an amazing understanding of the health and fitness, and health industry, its requirements and the complex aspects that impact performance and wellness.CHAPTER 16 CONCENTRATIONThis is my experience for this chapter, Concentrate Focus on your game I always hear my coach and teammates repeatedly verbalise this over and over again. My ability to maintain concentration while Im in the fight, the pressure of the game is critical for the best performance of me. If I lose my focus to a sell-out crowd shouting and cheering, distracting competitor and nagging self doubt, Im not only battling with my opponents, but Im battling myself.Although I may not always be able to eliminate the distractions, to be successful athletes I shall take control of my performance by preventing out needless disruptions while addressing important cues or instruction. To make use of the information I must determine which of these four styles my strengths are and which styles I need additional assistance to develop my concentration.In my research I found every athlete has their own strong points and weaknesses some athlete are excellent at one skill and poor on the others, while other athlete may be somewhat experienced in all dimensions. In general, I find that athletes in closed skill sports tend to use an cursor internal focus. Closed skill sports include sports such as naiant and diving that dont have to react to the changing environment. In that case we have to concentrate their weakness and strength.For the most part they compete against themselves and are in contr ol of the situation. Because swimmer and divers competition environment is rather static, they need to be more aware of their body and overall energy management. Therefore, closed skill athletes should tend to have a more narrow-internal attentional focus. This is in contrast to attentional styles of athletes in open skilled sports such as soccer and tennis where the environment is constantly changing, causing the athletes need to evaluate and re-evaluate the situation and then react.Open skill athletes tend to use broad-external attentional skills more often than closed skill athletes do. The othe

Differentiation in the Marketing of Fashion Clothes

Differentiation in the Marketing of Fashion Clothes roll current practices of differentiation in the merchandiseing of fashion apparel musical theme ona) The current situation in the UK and regional trades ( grocery segments, divulge players, gross revenue practices, trends, opportunities and threats)The UK turn market is essentially mature, following changes in the profile of the UK sell market for habilitate during the 1990s. in that respect was a major shift remote from traditional sources of purchasing, much(prenominal) as department stores, vesture independents and variety stores, in favour of discounters, supermarkets and sports outlets. This reflects the casualisation of the UK and the downward pressingure of cheaper, imported harvestings on retail bell levels. Shopping for article of fit out and foot interrupt is progressively moving aside from the traditional high street locations to out-of-town obtain centres, where families whitethorn typically cut do wn a good part of a day browsing and shopping in a wide range of stores, rather than visiting their topical anaesthetic high street to shop in specific outlets.Mainstream womens attire is still strongly populated by private labels from variety stores, much(prenominal) as tag Spencer or Bhs, and clothing specialists, such as attached, River Island and Principles. aid product ranges remain focused primarily on department stores and thither is some degree of trade up to labels such as Alexon, Planet, Viyella or Jaeger by consumers with greater fluid income levels (Global Market Information Database, 2005). Discounters authoritatively beef up their share of consumer purchasing over the last two decades, largely referable to the success of the Matalan and Primark chains. However, there are indications in the last two eld that strong reaping in the position of supermarket groups, largely due to their refinement into fashion wear, is beginning to shift treasure-driven purch asing in their favour away from discounters, though this shift is not yet decisive. Supermarkets are becoming more and more involved in clothing with companies such as Asda, Tesco and J Sainsbury take a shit all launched clothing collections under a brand identity during the prehistoric few historic period. For example, J Sainsbury commissioned fashion designer Jeff Banks to launch a clothing range and Asdas George at Asda range quickly became soundly-established, make supermarkets change magnitudely key players in the market. However, supermarkets still tend to focus on price, rather than fashion, and are thus not yet truly key players on the scale of Marks and Spencer, coterminous and Matalan (Global Market Information Database, 2005).The UK consumer more and more regards an item of clothing or footwear as a disposable item, rather than an investment and this has affected both consumers approaches to purchasing decisions, and the fashion marketers gross revenue practices. Whilst shade remains Copernican, as an item must be snuff it for use, fashion styles play a much greater role in everyday purchasing than previously, so that a piece of clothing may not be expected to last longer than one season. This, in turn, places an emphasis on price levels and the significantly increased availability of take account brands in supermarkets and discounters, which stimulates volume purchasing without contributing to value sales development. in that respect is also a growing emphasis on purchasing clothing for leisure use, which has a direct impact on the sales practices used, and on their styling. The dramatic increase in purchasing of sports clothing and footwear during impudent-made years was largely underwritten by fashion market, rather than by a significantly higher level of participation in active sports.Although a necessary requirement of life, which requires regular replacement for functional reasons, let alone in response to fashion trends, clo thing sales show an increasing trend of been strongly affected by price discounting during saucily-made years (Global Market Information Database, 2005). Increased argument at retail level, especially due to the growing involvement of supermarkets and discounters, is causing deflation on prices in close UK clothing and footwear. This situation has been further exacerbated by the growing globalisation of product supply, with formerly UK production increasingly relocated to low- hail production units in the Far East and easterly Europe.This major shift of production of clothing away from the UK to low-cost production locations, primarily in Asia-Pacific or Eastern Europe, has raised market threats for several UK companies over ethical issues surrounding the report exploitation of cheap labour in these overseas production units. There was extensive media coverage of Marks Spencers decision to abandon its previous schema of sourcing the majority of its products from UK productio n (Global Market Information Database, 2005) To compensate for this shift in production, leading UK manufacturers began to emphasise their extensive expertise in product design, which institutes value to the finished product. This offers an excellent opportunity for companies with the necessary experience to design and market new ranges of products with lower production overheads.b) Your assessment of the marketing strengths and weaknesses of the key players in terms of branding, theme, differentiation and elements of the marketing mix.Marks Spencer has historically had a reputation as a leading retailer in the UKs clothing sector, and this is a position that the company undoubtedly aspires to maintain. The bulk of its turnover is referable to clothing, approximately 50%, and food, with 44%, (Global Market Information Database, 2005). However, as competition in the garment sector intensified in the late 1990s, Marks Spencer strugg conduct to maintain market share. Marks Spenc er has always positioned and scard itself as offer reasonably priced, high quality and well-fitting habiliments, but this marketing strategy trustworthy something of a battering at the end of the 20th century, as designers and commentators equivalent criticised the company for the very aspects of its brand which had traditionally attracted customers to the chain. However, Marks and Spencers marketing mix, primarily its design and quality, has received far more favourable press in recent years, and a renewed focus on casualwear and the pump womenswear ranges, Per Una and Blue Harbour, halt helped the company improve performance and regain market share (Strategic Direction, 2005).Matalans combination of low overheads, due to low cost out-of-town locations and overseas direct product sourcing, has enabled the chain to undercut high street competitors by as much as 50% on its own brands, and by as much as 35% on external branded products. Complementing its low price differentiati on, Matalan also has an astute marketing mix. It operates as a clothing club customers pay a obligatory 1 membership fee for the privilege of shopping at the stores. social rank information also enables Matalan to use direct marketing and to target customers with catalogues and spare clothing lines to meet demand (Rowley and Haynes, 2005) The potential of the discount clothing market remains significant. Marginally larger than its leading competitor, New Look, Matalan looks relatively well placed to make the most of burgeoning opportunities in the discount sector. However, the recent interim in the clothing market does not appear to have been to Matalans advantage. The company should be in a position to benefit from trading down by consumers in the event of economic down-turn, but recent figures suggest that consumers are shopping elsewhere to get the best deals on designer names, and that Matalans bargain image right off counts against it in the increasingly celebrity image-dr iven fashion markets bordering is one the major success stories of the speed end of the UK clothing mid-market. A retailer of fashionable, moderately priced clothing, for trendy men, women and children, Next offers products targeted at the top end of the mass market, and aims to combine individual styling with quality and value for money. Resisting the temptation to be overly trend setting, opting to differentiate itself by offering sensible and stylish clothing, rather than highly fashionable items, Next has maintained strong consumer loyalty. Since the early 1990s, Next has resisted all attempts to increase the quash of clothing brands that it operates, convinced that diversification would ultimately be to the detriment of the Next brand. The success that it has achieved over many years as a offspring of product development, the progressive move to larger stores and the increase in the physique of home shopping customers has convinced both the retailer itself and investors tha t it is right to last out with this marketing mix (Datamonitor, 2005)c) Your marketing recommendations for any organisation absent to fancy the market.In 2009, the United Kingdom habilitate retail industry is expect to have a value of $45.8 billion, an increase of 18.5% since 2004. The compound annual growth rate of the industry in the period 2004-2009 is predicted to be 3.4% (Datamonitor, 2005). This indicates that there entrust be space for new retailers to enter the market for clothing. However, consumer purchasing of clothing and footwear is now moving away from traditional outlets, such as department stores, variety stores and high street specialists, towards grocery supermarkets and discounters. This reflects a ecumenical move to out-of-town shopping, with consumers particularly attracted to the convenience of purchasing all their clothing items at the equivalent time, and in the same store as they on a regular basis buy groceries (Global Market Information Database, 2 005) The brand name of an item of clothing also acts as a strong influence on the corrupt decision, particularly among younger consumers. Peer instancy means that it is critically important to be seen wearing the right brand of sportswear, and sales of childrens wear have been boosted by this fact in recent years. At the same time, parents are typically enjoying a greater degree of disposable income during the redirect examination period, which is increasingly focused on spending on fashion items for their children (Coughlan, 2006).Equally, the downward pricing trend in the UK fashion retail industry has led many retailers to focus upon profitability, rather than sales growth in recent years. Companies are continually trying to cut costs by utilizing measures such as larger retail formats, and by shifting production or changing their suppliers to lower cost regions in Latin America and Asia-Pacific. well-nigh retailers have cut production and entered into niche markets in an att empt to add value to their business and improve margins. The UK retail industry is thus undergoing significant changes traditionally dominated by high street retailers, supermarket chains such as ASDA and Tesco are expanding their clothing lines aggressively and gaining an increasing share of apparel sales. Originally the supermarkets purely focused on price to make their apparel attractive to British consumers and subsequently there was a certain target attached to their garments. However, as time has passed and supermarket labels have become more wide accepted, they are moving their range of clothes more upmarket, placing increased pressure on to traditional apparel retailers.Given this, any organization wanting to enter the UK fashion retail market is likely to have to differentiate itself based on brand, rather than quality or price. As new entrants will almost undoubtedly lack the buying power and stimulate of MS, Next, Matalan or Tesco, they would be better advised to concen trate on build a profitable niche, and the best way to do this is to make themselves a desirable brand. Given the preference for the latest fashions, at reasonable prices, with clothes only intended to last for the season they are purchased, the ability to play off rapidly to changes in the market is also vital for any new entrant. This would differentiate them from the large chains, which often have structured, lean, and slow supply chains. Finally, although the exact to base production facilities abroad, to take advantage of low labour costs, is now widely recognised as being vital to profitability, there have been high levels of negative publicity over potential sweatshop working practices. As such, a significant advantage can accrue to an organisation which differentiates itself on the basis of providing good wages and working conditions to its overseas workers, provided that the price of the clothes can still be kept competitive.ReferencesCoughlan, S. (2006) Spoilt for choic e. BBC News Magazine. Accessed fourteenth June 2006. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5071222.stmDatamonitor (2005) Apparel Retail Industry write United Kingdom.Global Market Information Database (2005) Clothing and Footwear in the United Kingdom. Euromonitor International.Rowley, J. and Haynes, L. (2005) Customer Relationship Management The Matalan Way. Marketing Review Vol. 5, cut down 2, p. 175.Strategic Direction (2005) Will the real Marks Spencers stand up? Searching for that winning brand. Vol. 21, Issue 9, p. 28.

Colonialism Heart Of Darkness And Chinua Achebes English Literature Essay

Colonialism nerve Of vestige And Chinua Achebes English Literature Es severalizeJoseph Conrads fabricationla, pith of iniquity is considered to be a great solve of art non just now because it painfully portrays how brutally and unjustly the natives argon treated in the Afri go off wilderness, nevertheless also because its trea twork forcet of colonialism is considered a cornerst matchless in the history of western sandwich fiction.Colonialism refers to the enterprise by which a nation extends its authority everywhere opposite territories it is characterized by an unequal relationship amidst the colonists and the natives of a country. Colonists usually specu belated that they ar doing the country good by bringing elaboration and discernment however the result is atrocity and stopping point. This is understandably portrayed in soreness of shadower. One of the characters who exercises colonialism is Kurtz whose main purpose is extracting ivory from the land in some( prenominal) way he can. He is treated as a talismanic authority by the Africans who always see to obey and listen to him cargonfully. Marlow indicates the Africans regard to Kurtz when he tells us, He was not afraid of the natives they would not stir boulder clay Mr. Kurtz gave the word. His ascendancy was extraordinary. The camps of these good deal sur expatiateed the place, and the chiefs came all twenty-four hours to see him. They would crawl. (p. 131) Kurtz believes that every matter in the wilderness belongs to him, as Marlow elates him say, My Intended, my ivory, my station, my river, my (p. 116) Moreover, he work outs that in that respect is vigour wrong with what hes doing on the contrary, Kurtz believes that hes doing the right thing. His civilization mission and his philosophy regarding the natives atomic number 18 expressed in his report of which Marlow tells moreover it was a beautiful piece of writing. The opening paragraph, however, in the light of later in formation, strikes me now as ominous. He began with the argument that we whites, from the summit of development we had arrived at, mustiness necessarily appear to them savages in the nature of ghostly universeswe approach them with the mogul as of a deity, and so on, and so on. By the simple exercise of our will we can exert a king for good practically unbounded, etc., etc. (p. 118) Although Marlow is not a native, he finds himself obligate to be treated akin integrity. In opposite words, he finds himself reacting in the very same way as the natives themselves to Kurtzs authority. I did not sleuth Mr. Kurtz it was entraped I should never betray him it was written I should be loyal to the nightm ar of my choice. (p. 141) It is interesting that Marlow refers to Kurtz as the nightm are it seems as if he is hypnotized by him and has no choice but to do as he is told. Moreover, the phrase, it was rangeed adds to the ambiguity of what Marlow is trying to say. He could gu ll said, I was ordered but he does not.It is worth mentioning here that center of attention of Darkness is a unexampled that is partially biographical. Conrad was obliged to seek employment with a Belgian company in Africa due to difficult labor conditions in 1889. Although he stayed for a short plot of ground in Africa, it was an experience that tatterdemalion his health and changed his world-view, while the object lesson humiliation he witnessed in the Congos frugal exploitation disgusted him. A decade after this, he wrote Heart of Darkness, which is closely his experience in Africa. What is really ironic is that in the bind Joseph Conrad in Context, it is mentioned to a greater extent than once that Conrad never got over his experience in Africa, as if new(prenominal) heap in his place would not musical note the same thing So basically, Marlow seems to echo Conrads own opinions in his novel.Colonists are driven to exploit ivory at an insati adapted rate with out(a) withal bothering to specify intimately the devastating effects on the natives. This is very abstemiously filen in the following quote Marlow refers to the ivory merchants as a attached band calling themselves the Eldorado Exploring Expedition. He says they were sworn to secrecy. They spoke the wrangle of sordid buccaneers it was reckless without toughenedihood, greedy without audacity, and cruel without courage in that respect was not an atom of foresight or of serious intention in the unharmed batch of them, and they did not seem aware these things are wanted for the work of the world. To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no more moral purpose at the back of it than at that place is in burglars breaking into a safe. (p. 87) In brief, what these colonizers were doing was purposeless, which in turn means that the consequences which were brought astir(predicate) as a result of their actions were also useless.Furthermore, the colonists had a quasi divine authority to do as they pleased in the colonies this is portrayed by the conversation between the uncle and the nephew, which was overheard by Marlow, Certainly, grunted the other get him hanged Why not? Anythinganything can be done in this country. Thats what I say nobody here, you understand, here, can foil your position. And why? You stand the climateyou outlast them all. (p. 91) Here, they are talking close respite Kurtzs assistant and probably Kurtz himself, so that they can get Kurtzs possessions, including his ivory.Colonialism is also explored in other parts of the novella, where the reader can see just how unmercifully and brutally the natives are treated by the colonizers. When Marlow is on a long-neck clam with a Swedish captain, he describes how the natives, whom he sees on his way to the station, are existence exploited and treated as mere beasts. entirely the natives are represented as being naked and horribly thin they are never referred to as hum ans. They are forced to work under hard conditions, are given no clothes, and are left(p) to starve A continuous noise of the rapids above hovered over this scene of inhabited devastation. A lot of people, mostly b omit and naked, attaind about like ants. A jetty projected into the river. A blinding sunlight drowned all this at cartridge clips in a sudden recrudescence of glare. (p. 63) When Marlow finally arrives at the station, he sees yet another traumatizing scene,A slight clinking behind me prove me turn my head. Six black men advanced in a file, toiling up the path. They walk of lifeed erect and slow, balancing small baskets full of soil on their heads, and the clink kept time with their footsteps. Black rags were wound round their loins, and the short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails. I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected unitedly with a chain whose bights swung be tween them, rhythmically clinking but these men could by no stretch of vagary be called enemies. They were called criminals, and the umbrageous law, like the bursting shells, had come to them, an insoluble mystery from the sea. All their meagre breasts panted together, the violently dilated nostrils quivered, the eyes stared stonily uphill. They passed me within half a dozen inches, without a glance, with that complete, deathlike indifference of un elated savages. Behind this raw matter one of the reclaimed, the product of the new forces at work, strolled despondently, carrying a rifle by its middle. He had a uniform jacket with one button off. (p. 64)When reading this passage, one cannot wait on but wonder, how could these poor natives possibly be criminals? They do every single thing they are told to do, without the least bit of complaining and yet, they are called criminals. The words tails, collar, breasts panted, and dilated nostrils immediately bring to the mind the image of dogs. And of course, we should not provide the colonizer, who is right behind them with a rifle, making sure that these men walk in a file, without glancing at Marlow, and only staring stonily uphill. So not only are they compared to animals, but they are also evaluate to work like machinesThis is the main reason why Achebe does not choose Heart of Darkness, it is because he does not like the way African people are portrayed in it. Chinua Achebe, a Nigerian poet and novelist, was attracted to Conrads Heart of Darkness as a child. However, in the 1970s, he changed his mind about it and until today, he continues to dismiss the novel. In his essay on Conrads novel, Achebe attempts to explain why. He says that what Conrad is awful worried about is the idea of affinity between him and the blacks, which is why he dehumanizes them. Contrasting with this is Edward Saids opinion that Conrad is exaggerating the imperialistic and the dehumanizing discrepancies so that we, as readers, ar e outraged at its injustice and therefore work out solutions for ourselves. In other words, Heart of Darkness is, according to Said, a self-referential novel. But still, Achebe has a salutary point in saying that Conrad has dehumanized the Africans because Conrad seems to be obsessed with the words black and darkness since he associates them with the Africans and uses these words numerous times passim his novel.Convincingly Achebe believes that the most revealing passages in the novel are about people. He says that the following quote contains the meaning of Heart of Darkness, but what stir you was just the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was pitiable enough If only the thought was thrilling, then what would knowing do to us? It is this remote kinship that seems to terrorize Conrad and is implied without the novel several times.However, his passages about the natives or savages, as Conrad refers to them, seem a mere descripti on of what they are and what they are going to do. His soulfulnessal sentiments are never revealed. But the expression he chooses and the way he describes the Africans force the reader to sympathize with them. However, there are parts in the novel where we can infer that Conrad, although not showing sympathy towards the savages, cannot bear lifeing at them. For example, when he sees the six men tied to each other with chains around their necks, he says, My idea was to let that chain-gang get out of sight before I climbed the hill. And in another incident, he says, The hurt nigger moaned feebly someplace nearby, and then fetched a deep sigh that made me mend my measure out-of-door from there. Clearly, he was not strong enough to neither hear nor see these savages being treated mercilessly.When Marlow arrives at the Central Station, he witnesses more of these atrocities towards the niggers. The manager of the station is apparently an uncivilized person who is there only because he hasnt been ill, as Marlow tells us, He had no genius for organizing, for initiative, or for order unconstipated. That was evident in such things as the deplorable state of the station. He had no learning, and no intelligence. His position had come to himwhy? Perhaps because he was never ill . . . He had served three terms of three long time out thereHe was neither civil nor uncivil. He was quiet. He allowed his boyan overfed young negro from the coastto treat the white men, under his very eyes, with kindle insolence. (p. 74)One of Conrads greatest fears that is implied in the novel is the possibility of the whites having contradictory kinship with the blacks, and this is mentioned by Achebe. This explains why Marlow wasnt able to forget his African helmsmans look on his face just before he died, And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt remains to this day in my memory like a claim of distant kinship substantiate in a supreme moment. Conra ds condole withful word choice of distant kinship rather than brother, for example, is cautiously observed by Achebe. He understands that Conrad is trying, as much as possible, to create layers between himself and the natives. Also, the words remains to this day in my memory, are understood by Achebe as a controvert connotation, as if this memory continues to torture him to this very day. Achebe concludes from this that Conrad is a racist.Moreover, Achebe states that Conrad has dehumanized Africans. But I do not agree with him on this point. My evidence to this can be seen in this quote, when Marlow who can be considered Conrads mouthpiece at this interpreter says, The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much. We can infer from this quote that Conrad was real against the idea of Africans being treated the way they were. Als o, according to Edward Said, Conrad, being a creature of his time, could not grant the natives their freedom, despite his severe revaluation of the imperialism that enslaved them. In other words, Conrad was against this imperialism and he criticized it as well, but the era that he lived in made it impossible for him to do anything about it. In my opinion, it might be that Conrad never meant to dehumanize the Africans it might be that the experience he was going through during his stay in Africa was so overwhelming to him that he could not or was not able to reveal his sympathy. Maybe he did not want to reveal anything at all in order to emphasize it being a part of its darkness. After all, it is Conrad himself who chose to economise his novel in an ambiguous and subtle way which leaves the reader with puzzled thoughts about what exactly Conrad is trying to say. Almost everything in Heart of Darkness seems everything is not is.In conclusion, as we can see, examples of colonial acts are displayed throughout Heart of Darkness. Colonists take over the wilderness and practice exploitation only to incur ivory. But at the same, the colonists actions are purposeless, such as when they order the natives to aimlessly blast the railway when there is actually nonentity to blast. This brings about the sorrow of their exploitation and civilizing mission.Works citedConrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd, 1967Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa racial discrimination in Conrads Heart of Darkness Massachusetts Review. 18. 1977. Rpt. in Heart of Darkness, An Authoritative Text, soil and Sources Criticism. 1961. 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough, London W. W Norton and Co., 1988, pp.251-261http//kirbyk.net/hod/image.of.africa.htmlSaid, Edward. Two Visions in Heart of Darkness Culture and Imperialism, (1993) pp. 22-31http//www.ecfs.org/Projects/EastWest/Readings/SaidConrad.pdfFeminism in To the LighthouseMrs. Ramsay vs. Lily BriscoeDuring Virginia Woolfs time, women were deprived of numerous rights which men had access to, including fostering. Women were only expected to get wed, give stick out to children, tin them, and take cathexis of the household. However, towards the end of the 19th century, a series of womens rightist movements began, whose concern was to give equality to women in terms of education, employment, and marriage laws. These movements are known as the three waves of feminism. The First Wave occurred in the late 19th century and ended in the early 20th century, during Woolfs time its primary gains were to acquire the right to vote and the right to practice birth control. Virginia Woolf, among other female writers, had to fight for her rights as a woman. In the novel, To the Lighthouse, Woolf presents two female characters, Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe, as complete opposites. Mrs. Ramsay is depicted as a instrumental overnice woman, whose main mission is not only to take care of her family, but also of othe rs around her. This was very typical of overnice women, who basically spent their time at home, making sure that everything was tidy and fine. However, Lily Briscoe on the other hand, is the total opposite of Mrs. Ramsay. The detail that she achieves her vision and completes her picture at the end of the novel is because she has asserted her rights as an independent individual and has jilted Victorian morality.Throughout the novel, it is clearly understood that Mrs. Ramsay is an uneducated woman. Her lack of education is presented in several quotes What did it all mean? To this day she had no notion. A square root? What was that? Her sons knew. (p. 123) Woolfs deliberate use of sons instead of sons and daughters or children is to show that Mrs. Ramsays daughters, just like Mrs. Ramsay herself, are uneducated. Her husband spoke. He was repeating something, and she knew it was song from the rhythm and the ring of exaltation and melancholy in his constituent. (p. 129) This again s hows her lack of education, for she recognizes that her husband is speaking poetry because of the rhythm and tone, not because she knows the poet Charles Elton. thus far while reading a book, she has no notion of what she is reading, for she feels that she is climbing backwards, upwards, shoving her way up under petals that curved over her, so that she only knew that this is white, or this is red. She did not know at first what the words meant at all. (p. 139) Also, when Charles Tansley talks to her about his dissertation, she is not able to quite catch the meaning, only the words, here and there dissertation fellowship readership lectureship. She could not follow the ugly academic jargon. (p. 13) Although this whitethorn seem exaggerated, it was very true of the condition of women during that time. Women being uneducated was a privilege to men for this gave them superiority and complete control over women. dapple looking at his wife reading, Mr. Ramsay wondered what she was readi ng and exaggerated her ignorance, her simplicity, for he desire to think that she was not clever, not book-learned at all. He wondered if she understood what she was reading. in all likelihood not, he thought. She was astonishingly beautiful. (p. 141) Not only does he seem to be intimate that his wife is uneducated, but he also mocks at her for not being able to understand what she is reading. The only thing that he praises about her is her beauty.In his critical essay, John Hardy presents the metaphor of Mrs. Ramsay as a queen. He claims that she is constantly queen like during dinner party while sitting at the head of the table, she carefully observes, one by one, each and every person sitting round the table. Hardy furthermore says that Mrs. Ramsay is enabled to triumph over her husband, because during dinner and even afterwards when dinner is over, she is able to read his mind. These two qualities, again, gain the female, i.e. Mrs. Ramsay, over the male, i.e. Mr. Ramsay.Howe ver, although being uneducated, Mrs. Ramsay seems to have supernatural powers, such as having premonitions and plaster cast spells. They must come now, Mrs. Ramsay thought, looking at the door, and at that instant, Minta Doyle, capital of Minnesota Rayley, and a maid carrying a great dish in her hands came in together. (p. 114) Always she got her own way in the end, Lily thought She put a spell on them all, by wishing, so simply, so directly. (p. 118) These are powers that no(prenominal) of the male characters in the novel have in fact they do not even seem to understand such things. Woolf, by with child(p) Mrs. Ramsay such powers, has elevated the female figure to a higher status. pull up stakes you not tell me just for once that you love me? But she could not do it she could not say it For she had triumphed again. (p. 144) Mrs. Ramsay, by not saying the thing that her husband very desperately wants her to say, has triumphed over him. correspond to John Hardy, in this scene, w hat may seem to us as Mrs. Ramsays surrendering to her husband is in fact the inverse. By admitting that he was right and that they would not be able to go to the radio beacon, she has surrendered to her husband. But because, while doing so, she has lost her self, i.e. her personality as a Victorian woman, the surrender becomes a triumph. In other words, her being able to say that she was wrong places her, Hardy says, on another and higher plane which is undoubtedly right. Hardy, furthermore, views Lilys final painting of Mrs. Ramsay as an admiration of her, in triumph over her husband.Even more important than her powers and intuitions is the fact that she not only takes care of her family, but also of others around her, as we learn that she knits a stocking for the lighthouse keepers ill boy. (p. 5) It is Mrs. Ramsay who prepares dinner for her entire family as well as the guests and tries her best, during dinner, to make sure everything goes fine. This again is another character istic of a typical Victorian woman. After all, it was not knowledge but unity that she desired. (p. 59)Interestingly, Hardy argues it is Mrs. Ramsay who holds everything together and hence is the central figure of the novel. After all, it is only after Mrs. Ramsays death that the characters feel an unbearable silence with undertones of panic. Since Mrs. Ramsay is gone, her power has also gone. Moreover, we are left with the thought that if it wasnt for her, there never would have been a trip to the lighthouse. And Lily too, is able to complete her painting only after Mrs. Ramsays death. Berenice A. Carroll, however, in her essay, To Crush him in our own Country, has opposed this view. According to her, it is Lily who is the heroine of the novel. But the fact that she is persistently associated with being little and insignificant and also that she paints as she sees, not as the ascendent artist of the time makes her anti-heroine.By creating the character of Lily Briscoe, Woolf prese nts the absolute opposite of Mrs. Ramsay. Although confront by many obstacles, namely Charles Tansley, who tells her women cant paint, women cant write (p. 56) and whose voice seems to haunt her for the rest of her life, Lily Briscoe overcomes them and succeeds in asserting her rights and achieving her vision. It is this exact thing that has surprise many readers in the Modernist Era a woman breaking away from Victorian beliefs and customs. Every time Lily hears Charles words women cant paint, women cant write (pp. 100, 106, 183, 184, 228) in her head, she is greatly disturbed and struggles, yet does not give up. by from saying that women can neither paint nor write, Charles also believes that It was the womens fault. Women mad civilization impossible with all their charm, all their silliness. (p. 99) Women, according to him, are charming and silly, nothing more.Yet, what is ironic is that while everybody is having dinner together, it is Lily who comes to Charles rescue after he goes through great pains in order to state his opinions. Lily Briscoe knew all that. sit down opposite him could she not see, as in an X-ray photograph, the ribs and thigh grind away of the young mans desire to impress himself lying dark in the mist of his flesh that thin mist which convention had laid over his fervent desire to break into the conversation? But she thought, screwing up her Chinese eyes, and remembering how he sneered at women, cant paint, cant write, why should I help him to relieve himself? (pp. 105-106) Lily can very clearly see that Charles is poor for not being able to join the conversation, yet she does not help and enjoys watching, rather she sits there smiling. Of course for the hundred and fiftieth time Lily Briscoe had to reconcile the experiment what happens if one is not nice to that young man there and be nice. (p. 107) It is only after Mrs. Ramsays request that Lily finally helps Charles and he is relieved. Again, it is women who seem more powe rful than men and come to the rescue.Mrs. Ramsay also functions as a match maker in the novel. In fact, this is the only thing she seems to be thinking of most of the time. She was driven on, too quickly she knew, almost as if it were an escape for her too, to say that people must espouse people must have children. (p. 70) Mrs. Ramsays belief that people must get matrimonial actually seems to come out of her spontaneously. The word driven shows that she cannot help but think this way. Of Paul and Minta, Mrs. Ramsay keeps insisting that they must marry. (p. 57) In fact, Paul is driven to purpose to Minta because of Mrs. Ramsays ceaseless insistence. (p. 136) This shows that Mrs. Ramsay is only concerned with making the match, but completely preoccupied of its outcomes, as what happens to Paul and Minta. This is exactly why Hardy argues that Mrs. Ramsay is a great egotist the fact that she matches up couples and arranges walks for them by the beach but at the same time is irresp onsible of their outcomes does in truth show her as egotistical.Ah, but was not that Lily Briscoe strolling along with William Bankes? Yes, indeed it was. Did that not mean that they would marry? Yes, it must What an admirable idea They must marry (p. 83) Another clear instance where we see Mrs. Ramsay being obsessed with matching up people for them to get married. However, Lily is the only woman in the novel to assert her liberty as an individual. By doing this, she becomes Mrs. Ramsays foil. Lily, in fact looks at marriage, as degradation and dilution. She need not marry, thank Heaven she need not bear that degradation. She was saved from that dilution. (p. 119) In his essay, Hardy points out that Lily goes as far as to describe Mrs. Ramsays matchmaking mission as mania of hers for marriage. After ten years, when Lily does in fact not get married, she feels she has triumphed over Mrs. Ramsay. (p. 202) I must move the tree to the middle that matters nothing else. (p. 100) For Li ly, her art is more important to her than anything else, including marriage. Even while having dinner, while everybody is engaged in conversation, all Lily can think about is how to improve her painting. During Woolfs time, it was very difficult for women to get educated and even if they were educated secretly, it was difficult for them to publish their writing. Therefore, they had to hide their work and Woolf shows this in her novel through the character of Lily. She kept a feeler of her surroundings lest soulfulness should creep up, and suddenly she should find her picture looked at. (p. 20) and so to clasp some miserable remnant of her vision to her breast, which a thousand forces did their best to range from her. (p. 22) These two parts are where Virginia Woolf has very skillfully portrayed the barrier women had to go through in order to do what men could without cladding any hardships.Mrs. Ramsays daughters, in a sense, resemble Lily, though not completely, in that they too dream of a life, where they do not always have to take care of some man or other. (p. 7) However, this is not what Mrs. Ramsay believes. During dinner, she looks at Prue, her eldest daughter who is watching Minta, and says to herself, You will be as happy as she is one of these days. You will be much happier, she added, because you are my daughter, (p. 128) referring that she will get married.Mrs. Ramsay believes that women, only through marriage, will find true happiness. According to her, an unmarried woman has missed the best of life. (p. 58) Ironically, those who do get married in the novel end up in a sad life. After Paul and Mintas marriage, not even a year passes and Paul leaves Minta for another woman. As for Prue Ramsay, she dies in childbirth. Even Mrs. Ramsay dies. It is as if these women are taught a lesson for following Victorian conventions.Lily, on the other hand, does not get married and is rewarded by being able to complete her painting that she had started ten ye ars ago. Hardy points out that Woolf has deliberately chosen to end her novel with Lily and her painting, nothing else. We never get to know about the work of Augustus Carmichael, the only other artist in the novel. This again, is done intentionally by Woolf, her purpose was to honour Lilys, and in turn the females work over that of the male.

Neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

Neurocognitive disorder delinquent to traumatic heading dishonorbloody shame was an extroverted teenager who had a lot of friends. She succumbed to the peer pressure of her friends urging her to completed a very dangerous task. This task was to jump from a arcminute floor balcony down to the swimming pool. bloody shame was a skilled swimmer, all the same she has no defence against such traumatic brain blur. She was placed on life support as a precaution until she tested hale enough in her post traumatic brain exam to be taken off of the additional support. bloody shame seemed to be improving and was presently able to pay back to school. This return to school was not what the teachers, her p arents, or herself expected. She find that in that respect has been some changes to her cognitive abilities and as a result, she is exhibiting a doings that is opposite of how she normally shows herself.Mary was referred to my practice and upon examination of her cognitive and neuro logic history and abilities, it is organism determined that Mary is described with major or soft neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) It would be suggested that Mary be watched closely for depression due to the fact that she is already demonstrate some signs of depression. According to DSM 5, major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury presents with the signs and symptoms of the condition. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) The record that Mary shows are that she has had a traumatic brain injury that caused the loss of consciousness and she was deep in thought(p) and confused. The DSM 5 says that the neurocognitive disorder has to be present immediately after the injury has occurred or immediately after waking from an unconscious state and has to tolerate historic the immediate post injury period. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Mary woke up in the hospital from loss of conscious ness and was moaning incoherently and was very restless. It is surmise that this is because she did know where she was or what had happened to her. She began to slowly recover and in three weeks was back off in school. The three weeks that she spent at home would take her past the immediate post injury period. It is when she went to school that she showed the signs of world confused and not able to keep up in school bid she did in the gravelning. She state that she was having trouble concentrating and remembering what the teacher had said so that she could take notes as easily as she did before the injury. People that founder suffered from a traumatic brain injury often have signs of emotional disturbances, personality changes, and sensual disturbances which were all present when Mary returned home from school. It is said in the DSM 5 that people that have suffered from a traumatic brain injury cut across more symptoms of depression and can similarly have overlapping sympt oms of posttraumatic stress disorder (post-traumatic stress disorder). (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) The diagnosis of depression or posttraumatic stress disorder is not groundn to Mary at this time because it is unclear at this time if Mary is having the symptoms of depression because of the stress of returning to school and having the stickyies of that she experienced that day. It would be in the best interest of Mary to note that she has symptoms of depression and PTSD and to continue taking notes on these symptoms for six months before this diagnosis is given to her. Another reason depression is not given to her as a diagnosis at this time and to wait for more substantial evidence is because depression is not a seeing conditions. It is more than Mary not wanting to be as outgoing as she was before, not in truth wanting to eat, or not wanting to do the things that she enjoy before the injury. These are all signs of depression but not enough to diagnose the depress ion over a unitary-time occurrence. Depression is evidenced by changes in the brain structure and function. In the center of the brain is where norepinephrine and serotonin modify the brain. A chemical substance substance foreshadow is sent down one nerve cell and passed to another nerve cell across a space called a synapse once the receptors are full. What happens in depression is that when the signal is sent, a lot of the chemical is reabsorbed by the sending cell and recycled by the brain. This is called reuptake, when the signal is sent again, there is a double amount of the chemical that is sent and reuptake occurs again and a lot of the chemical that was releases is impel amodal value by the brain. If you are not releasing enough of the chemical to fill up the receptors on the receiving nerve, it leaves holes in that nerve and symptoms of depression occur. (University of the westward of England, Bristol, 2015) With Mary having a traumatic brain injury and depression being comorbid it makes sense that this could be what is going on with her because the nerves in her brain would have been damaged causing this cycle which leads to depression. According to the Glasgow Coma dentures, Mary would be considered as having moderate traumatic brain injury. The Glasgow Coma Scale ranks the patient in three different categories, eyes, verbal and motor ability. The outperform ranks patients from 3-15 with 3 being the most sever and the worst and 15 being the most mild and the best of stigmatizes. (Muriel Deutsch Lezak, Diane B. owieson, Erin D. Bigler, Daniel Tanel, 2012) Marys initial train of consciousness was an overall 6 when she originally arrived at the hospital. She was speaking incoherently (GCS rates this as a 2), and she was moving restlessly as if she was in pain (GCS rates this as a 4). Upon waking up, Mary scored an overall 10 on the Glasgow Coma Scale with eye movement get ahead 3 (she opened them to sound which would be her best response), ver bal score was 1 (she did not speak when tested), and her motor score was 6 (she travel her finger when asked to do so). Based on this score and the fact that she was in the coma for less than 6 hours gives her a TBI classification of moderate. When she was later examined, Mary had improved quite a bit. Her Coma score was an overall 15 by morning because she could recognize and respond to her parents and she was talking to them.Marys pre-morbid level of functioning is assumed to be towering based on the fact that she performs within the top of her class and is said to excel academically. development the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading, Mary would be asked to pronounce 50 irregularly spelled words and scored according to how closely they were correctly pronounced. (Muriel Deutsch Lezak, Diane B. owieson, Erin D. Bigler, Daniel Tanel, 2012). Due to the report of how advantageously she was doing before her injury, using a previous IQ test and No Child Left Behind this test should be able to give an account of the level of functioning that Mary is at currently. There is also other yearly school assessment tests that can be looked at to assess her pre-injury academic ability. The names of these test can vary depending on the State you are in. Using the WAIS-IV to assess Mary, it would show that her reasoning and wisdom skills are not where they were pre-injury. This test is used to assess the verbal and instruction execution academic ability of a person. This test would let it be seen, the call for areas that Mary is falling short.By using tests that would measure Marys cognitive speed we would be able to see that the damage to her head-on lobe has caused some deficit in her ability to concentrate because this is where the areas of problem solving, memory, and oral communication is stored. By this expound of her brain being damaged during the injury, it makes it more difficult for her to concentrate on what is going on because it takes her longer to process the occupation around her, what is being said, and remembering what was said to her.Recommendations would be for Mary to begin cognitive therapy that would help her to regain the most normal function of this part of her brain. Accommodation for Mary would be very sensitive because she held such high esteem as an honor student, we would not want to make her feel any less, however there are some accommodations that need to be done, at least until she regains full cognitive ability. Marys educators should admit extra time for her to complete assignments and homework. Mary can carry a voice recorder with her that will record the lectures instead of her writing them that way when she studies, she can listen to the lectures and rewind as needed. While Mary may have some lasting effects of her injury, there is no reason a full cognitive and educational recuperation cannot be accomplished.Mary presented at the hospital with a traumatic brain injury three weeks previous to returning to s chool. She has made great accomplishments and cognitive difficulty was not notice until she returned to school. Upon my examination of Mary, she has had some great medical accomplishments and the prognosis of her full recovery is possible. There may be some lasting effects like with most people that have had a traumatic brain injury such as increased headaches, seizure activity, and depression but there is no reason to assume that Mary will have to warp her life any way. With cognitive therapy and temporary educational accommodations Mary should return to her pre-injury educational and cognitive levels.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Neurocognitive disorders . Retrieved from In Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition http//dsm.psychiatryonline.org.lib.kaplan.edu/doi/full/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm17CIHEIIICMuriel Deutsch Lezak, Diane B. owieson, Erin D. Bigler, Daniel Tanel. (2012). neuropsychological Assessment. New York Oxford University Press, Inc. .University of the West of England, Bristol. (2015). Synapses and Neurotransmission . Retrieved from UWE http//learntech.uwe.ac.uk/synapsesneuro/default.aspx?pageid=1925